The tragedy of the commons in a violent world
在标准自然资源开发博弈中加入暴力夺取资源的可能性，发现冲突会随资源枯竭内生出现，导致合作无法维持，唯一均衡是从非合作开发转向冲突，即使冲突不消耗资源，玩家效用也更低。
Earlier research has shown that the tragedy of the commons may be resolved by Folk theorems for dynamic games. In this article, we graft on a standard natural‐resource exploitation game the possibility to appropriate the resource through violent means. Because conflict emerges endogenously as resources get depleted, the threat supporting the cooperative outcome is no longer subgame perfect, and thus credible. The unique equilibrium is such that players exploit noncooperatively the resource when it is abundant, and they revert to conflict when it becomes scarce. The players' utility is shown to be lower even if conflict wastes no resources.