The science of complexity: An alternative perspective for strategic change processes
提出复杂适应系统作为战略过程的第三种视角，区别于传统的战略选择与生态视角，强调正负反馈、自组织和远离平衡态的演化，适用于研究战略变革的学者。
Abstract The two perspectives of strategy process most firmly established in the literature—strategic choice and ecology—assume the same about system dynamics: negative feedback processes driving successful systems (individual organizations or populations of organizations) toward predictable equilibrium states of adaptation to the environment. This paper proposes a third perspective, that of complex adaptive systems. The framework is provided by the modern science of complexity: the study of nonlinear and network feedback systems, incorporating theories of chaos, artificial life, self‐organization and emergent order. Here system dynamics are characterized by positive and negative feedback as systems coevolve far from equilibrium, in a self‐organizing manner, toward unpredictable long‐term outcomes.