Dispersive Equity and Social Risk
提出分散公平概念，关注政策决策对同质群体的致命风险分布，而非死亡人数本身，并构建基于概率分布的公平分析框架，区分四种公平类型。
Dispersive equity is concerned with the impact of life-threatening risks from alternative policy decisions on homogeneous groups in a population. It is not addressed to the disutility of various numbers of fatalities that might occur, but rather to how fatalities are distributed over the groups. Although dispersive equity has long been recognized as an important component of some policy decisions, it has received little formal treatment within the matrix of salient factors for such decisions. Our purpose is to advance its formal development. This is done within a formulation based on probability distributions over potential fatality sets. The formulation gives rise to four distinct but not independent equity concepts: individual risk equity, group risk equity, dispersive equity, and social outcome equity. Each of these is analyzed, but special attention is given to dispersive equity. The paper also comments on relationships between total equity and its four components, and between total equity and the disutility of various numbers of fatalities.