How Black Candidates Affect Voter Turnout*
研究发现，每增加一位黑人民主党候选人，黑人和白人的投票率均上升2-3个百分点，但白人的绝对增长更大；白人两党选民在候选人为黑人时更不愿投票给本党候选人，而黑人共和党候选人未引发类似反应，暗示意识形态认知可能起作用。
Both Black and White voter turnout increases 2–3 percentage points with each Black Democrat on the ballot. Given the groups' representations in the population, the White response is numerically greater. Whites of both parties are less likely to vote for their parties' candidate when s/he is Black. The turnout findings are not explained away by voter, election, or politician characteristics. However, the fact that there is no turnout response to Black Republicans suggests that a perception of Blacks' ideology may be a factor.