On the Causes of the African Slave Trade
综合分析了近代早期非洲奴隶贸易兴起的成因，重点解释为何奴隶需求增长主要来自西欧，以及为何绝大多数奴隶来自非洲，涉及技术差异、糖类生产特点和文化碎片化等因素。
Summary This paper offers an integrated analysis of the forces shaping the emergence of the A frican slave trade over the early modern period. We focus our attention on two questions. First, why most of the increase in the demand for slaves during this period came exclusively from western E uropeans. Second, and of most relevance for present‐day development outcomes, why was the overwhelming majority of slaves of A frican origin. Technological differences in manufacturing technology, the specificities of sugar (and other crops') production, and the cultural fragmentation of the A frican continent all play a role in the analysis. Supporting evidence for each of our claims is provided from a broad corpus of relevant literature.