A Test of the Equality of Closed‐Ended and Open‐Ended Contingent Valuations
设计了一种检验方法，比较同一批受访者对开放式和封闭式问题给出的支付意愿是否显著不同。公共品案例中两种格式结果有差异，私人物品案例中则无差异。
Abstract A test is developed to find whether open‐ended and closed‐ended contingent valuation mechanisms lead to significantly different results. The test is based on joint estimation of willingness to pay responses to open‐ and closed‐ended questions asked of the same sample of individuals. In a public good example, individuals do respond differently depending on question format. Possible explanations include different incentives for strategic behavior and respondents' lack of familiarity with the open‐ended question type. No differences in willingness to pay were found in a private good example.