Unemployment, employment contracts, and compensating wage differentials: michigan in the 1890s
基于1890年代密歇根州的调查数据，发现非熟练工人中失业普遍，且失业风险与雇佣合同类型相关，高风险岗位享有工资溢价，季节性因素对劳动力市场制度演变有重要影响。
Surveys taken by the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics in the 1890s reveal that unemployment was pervasive among unskilled workers. The incidence of unemployment was not associated with personal characteristics, but rather with the type of employment contract and job: those with high risk of layoff commanded a wage premium. Seasonality is an important part of this late nineteenth-century story, and the subsequent demise of seasonal activities may have had an important impact on the evolution of labor market institutions.