An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor-Analytic Investigation of Item Wording Effects on the Obtained Factor Structures of Survey Questionnaire Measures
通过496名受访者对虚构领导者行为的问卷回答，发现不同措辞版本（常规、极性相反、否定极性相反、否定常规）会形成独立的措辞因子，其中常规项目的特质方差显著高于其他版本。
Item wording effects were investigated using scenarios depicting a fictitious leaders behavior, 496 respondents, and a questionnaire containing regular, polar opposite, negated polar opposite, and negated regular item versions. Oblique-rotated exploratory factor-analytic results showed clear item wording factors; confirmatory factor-analytic results showed the item formats to yield separate wording factors but that the regular items had substantially more trait variance than did the other item formats. Implications for future research are discussed.