The Economics of Livestock Waste and Its Regulation
构建了一个区域畜牧业生产的空间模型，分析三种环境效应（废弃物泄漏、养分径流、直接污染），并探讨了规模限制、化肥税和废弃物处理标准等监管政策的效率影响。
Abstract This article develops a spatial model of regional livestock production and three attendant environmental effects: spills from animal waste stores;nutrient runoff due to the application of manure to croplands; and direct ambient pollution, including odors, pests, and gases. Assuming that neither environmental outcomes nor operators' manure‐spreading practices can be monitored and regulated, constrained efficient production arrangements and waste‐handling practices are described. The efficiency effects of several regulatory policies are then explored, including ( a ) scale regulations that limit animal inventories, ( b ) chemical fertilizer taxes, and ( c ) waste storage and handling standards that affect storm protections and manure transport.