A Two‐Stage Analysis of the Effectiveness of Promotion Programs for U.S. Apples
以新加坡和英国的苹果进口为例，用两阶段LES/AIDS模型分析出口推广对增加美国市场份额和总进口消费的效果，发现推广能增加两国苹果消费，但仅在英国提升了美国市场份额。
Abstract Export promotion programs are intended to help U.S. exporters enter, maintain, and expand foreign markets, but little is known of their success in achieving each of these goals. In this paper we attempt to determine the effectiveness of export promotion in increasing both U.S. market share and total import consumption using apple imports by Singapore and the United Kingdom as case studies. Estimates of a two‐stage Linear Expenditure System (LES)/Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model show that promotion increases consumption of apples in both the United Kingdom and Singapore, but increases U.S. market share only in the United Kingdom. The results suggest that free‐riding on U.S. promotion can be significant.