Skill Bias Magnified: Intersectoral Linkages and White-Collar Labor Demand in U.S. Manufacturing
研究发现美国制造业中嵌入中间投入品的技能劳动份额与最终生产的技能份额高度相关，揭示产业间技术-技能互补性，并通过投入产出联系放大技能需求，其效应与外包相当。
This paper presents a novel stylized fact and analyzes its contribution to the skill bias of technical change in U.S. manufacturing. The share of skilled labor embedded in intermediate inputs correlates strongly with the skill share employed in final production. This finding points toward an intersectoral technology-skill complementarity (ITSC). Together with input-output linkages, the observed complementarity delivers a multiplier that reinforces skill demand along the production chain. Reduced-form estimates suggest that the effect is quantitatively important, explaining about as much skill upgrading as outsourcing. Empirical evidence suggests that one channel through which this complementarity works is product innovation. I also analyze the importance of different drivers of skill upgrading over time. While foreign outsourcing and IT capital are associated with skill demand particularly strongly from the 1980s on (a period of rapidly increasing skill premiums), R&D contributed stably throughout the period 1958 to 2005. The same is true for ITSC, which augmented within-sector skill bias in a stable fashion throughout the past five decades. © 2014 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology