Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda
利用空间断点回归评估卢旺达土地正规化试点的短期影响，发现该计划改善了已婚女性的土地权益、促进了土壤保护投资（尤其对女性户主家庭），且未引发土地抛售潮。
We evaluate the short-term impact of a pilot land regularization program in Rwanda using a geographic discontinuity design with spatial fixed effects. Three key findings emerge from the analysis. First, the program seems to have improved land access for legally married women (about 76% of married couples) and prompted better recording of inheritance rights without gender bias. Second, we find that the program was associated with a very large impact on investment and maintenance of soil conservation measures. This effect was particularly pronounced for female headed households, suggesting that this group had suffered from high levels of tenure insecurity which the program managed to reduce. Third, land market activity declined, allowing us to reject the hypothesis that the program caused a wave of distress sales or widespread landlessness by vulnerable people. Implications for program design and policy are discussed.