From Russia with love: the impact of relocated firms on incumbent survival
利用二战后德国机床企业从苏占区搬迁到西德的准自然实验，发现搬迁企业因非经济因素选址，增加了目的地在位企业失败的可能性，这与新进入者的影响不同，原因是对当地资源的竞争加剧。
We identify the impact of local firm concentration on incumbent performance in a historic setting that has quasi-experimental characteristics. When Germany was divided after World War II, many firms in the machine tool industry fled the Soviet-occupied zone to prevent expropriation. We show that the regional location decisions of these firms upon moving to western Germany were driven by non-economic factors and heuristics rather than existing industrial conditions. Relocating firms increased the likelihood of incumbent failure in destination regions, a pattern that differs sharply from new entrants. We further provide evidence that these effects are due to increased competition for local resources.