Learning more by crossing levels: evidence from airplanes, hospitals, and orchestras
研究指出学者通常只在一个分析层级（如个人、团队或组织）进行研究，但理解社会和组织动态需要同时关注更高和更低层级，并用飞机驾驶舱团队、医院护理团队和专业乐团的案例说明这种“括号法”的好处。
Abstract Scholars generally conduct research at a single level of analysis (such as the individual, the group, or the organization level), although they often turn to the next‐lower level for explanatory mechanisms. I suggest that robust understanding of social and organizational dynamics requires attention to higher as well as lower levels of analysis. The benefits of research and theory that ‘brackets’ one's focal phenomenon by attending to constructs at both higher and lower levels of analyses are illustrated with findings from research on aircraft cockpit crews, hospital patient care teams, and professional musical ensembles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.