On the Strategic Importance of Prices versus Quantities
研究差异化产品寡头垄断中企业同时选择产量和价格的三种单次博弈模型，发现同时选择时无纯策略均衡，而先定产量或先定价格时均衡分别等同于纯产量或纯价格模型。
In this article I investigate three single-shot models of differentiated-products oligopoly. In each model firms choose both output and price. The demand, cost, and spillover demand specifications are quite general, and there are three main results. First, with simultaneous choice there is no pure-strategy noncooperative equilibrium. Second, with output chosen first and announced to all firms before the choice of price, equilibrium sometimes exists, and when it does, it is the same as in a quantity-only model. Third, with price chosen and announced first, equilibrium always exists and is the same as in a price-only model.