Fatherless and Friendless: Factors Influencing the Flow of English Emigrant Servants
研究了1682-1686年间伦敦契约记录中英国移民仆人的父亲缺失现象，发现其发生率较高且与年龄、性别、原籍地、职业及父亲职业系统相关，解释了短期供给缺乏弹性及部分非熟练仆人持续移民美国的原因。
The incidence of fatherlessness among English emigrant servants was measured using contracts recorded in London between 1682 and 1686. This incidence was relatively high and systematically related to the servant's age, gender, county of origin, occupation, and father's occupation. Many emigrant servants were youths who had lost their fathers and lacked alternative support in England. Fatherlessness helps explain why the short-run supply of emigrant servants was relatively inelastic, and why some unskilled servants continued to migrate to America in spite of competition from slave labor.