Double Penalty in Returns to Education: Informality and Educational Mismatch in the Colombian Labour Market
研究了发展中国家正规与非正规就业中教育错配对教育回报的影响，发现非正规工人不仅教育回报更低，还因教育错配遭受额外惩罚。
This article examines the returns to education taking into consideration the existence of educational mismatches in the formal and informal employment of a developing country. Results show that the returns of surplus, required and deficit years of schooling are different in the two sectors. Moreover, they suggest that these returns vary along the wage distribution, and that the pattern of variation differs for formal and informal workers. In particular, informal workers face not only lower returns to their education, but suffer a second penalty associated with educational mismatches that puts them at a greater disadvantage compare to their formal counterparts.