Rural/Urban Welfare Program and Labor Force Participation
比较美国中西部农村与城市贫困人口在劳动力参与和福利计划参与上的差异，发现农村贫困人口劳动参与率更高、福利参与率更低，差异主要源于人口特征而非行为差异。
Nonmetro poor in the Midwest participate more in the labor force and less in welfare programs than metro poor. We formalize how household composition, capital, labor market conditions, and state‐specific regulations define opportunity sets, then estimate a bivariate binomial probit model of work and program participation choices. An Oaxaca decomposition analysis is conducted to compare differences in characteristics to differences in behavior in explaining the two groups' choices. We find no behavioral basis for the difference in labor market participation. And while most of the lower Midwestern nonmetro welfare program participation is due to demographics, some is due to different life‐cycle behavior.