Rivalry in Price and Location by Differentiated Product Manufacturers
估计了食品制造商在产品设计和定价上的战略竞争模型，发现制造商倾向于将产品定位在属性空间中的相近位置，且属性最相似的产品享有最宽的价差，解释了同类消费品高度相似但制造商仍能获得超额利润的现象。
In this article, we estimate a model of strategic rivalry between food manufacturers in product design and pricing. We derive a spatial structural model in which food manufacturers jointly select prices and the optimal attribute composition of their product lines. We find that manufacturers have an incentive to locate yogurt products nearby others in attribute space and that products with the most similar attribute compositions enjoy the widest price‐cost margins. Our findings explain the observation that most consumer package goods tend to be very similar, yet manufacturers appear to earn above‐normal profits.