The Shape of Corruption: Colombia as a Case Study
研究了哥伦比亚这个民主稳定、市场活跃的国家中，城市官员在公民使用公共服务时索要额外付款的情况，发现腐败水平稳定但城市间差异大。
We examine the shape of corruption within a country characterised by stable democracy and thriving legal and illegal markets: Colombia. We look at whether city officials solicit an extra payment when citizens seek to use public services. Using individual level data on bribe requests in 55 cities from 2004–2011, we find that the level of corruption is stable, but varies widely within Colombia. Our results suggest that corruption is stable at different levels in some Colombian cities, along with evidence of recent decreases in many, and increases in some, cities. Further research is necessary to explain this within-country variation.