Competition and Product Quality in the Supermarket Industry
利用美国消费者价格指数微观数据，研究竞争对超市产品质量（以商品可得性衡量）的影响，发现更激烈的竞争减少了缺货现象，沃尔玛的进入使大型连锁超市缺货减少约三分之一。
This article analyzes the effect of competition on a supermarket firm's incentive to provide product quality. In the supermarket industry, product availability is an important measure of quality. Using U.S. Consumer Price Index microdata to track inventory shortfalls, I find that stores facing more intense competition have fewer shortfalls. Competition from Walmart—the most significant shock to industry market structure in half a century—decreased shortfalls among large chains by about a third. The risk that customers will switch stores appears to provide competitors with a strong incentive to invest in product quality.