Business Policy and Metaphysics: Some Philosophical Considerations
认为商业政策是应用形而上学，管理者需超越直接经验，处理现实本质和知识获取问题，并总结十二种政策方法的形而上学假设。
Business policy is described as an exercise in applied metaphysics. Policy making requires the manager to go beyond knowledge derived purely from direct experience, to deal with questions concerning the nature and structure of reality, and to create methods for acquiring knowledge about the world in which his enterprise operates. Twelve approaches that typify the field of business policy are summarized and classified as to their primary metaphysical assumptions, using two key dimensions, rationalism versus existentialism and empiricism versus idealism.