Borders That Divide: Education and Religion in Ghana and Togo Since Colonial Times
利用一战后德属多哥兰被英法分治的自然实验，通过1908-1955年加纳殖民军队招募数据，发现英法边界两侧的识字率和宗教归属在1920年代即出现分化，且这种殖民时期形成的边界效应至今仍存。
The partition of German Togoland after World War I provides a natural experiment to test the impact of British and French colonization. Using data of recruits to the Ghanaian colonial army 1908–1955, we find that literacy and religious affiliation diverge at the border between the parts of Togoland under British and French control as early as in the 1920s. We partly attribute this to policies towards missionary schools. The divergence is only visible in the South where educational and evangelization efforts were strong. Contemporary survey data show that border effects that began in colonial times still persist today.