Urbanization and mortality decline
利用跨国面板数据和工具变量方法，发现死亡率下降与城市化之间存在稳健的负相关关系，且这种关系主要通过新城市创建而非已有城市增长实现。
Abstract We investigate the relationship between mortality decline and urbanization, which has hitherto been proposed by demographers but has yet to be tested rigorously in a global context. Using cross‐national panel data, we find evidence of a robust negative correlation between crude death rates and urbanization. The use of instrumental variables suggest that this relationship is causal, while historical data from the early 20th century suggest that this relationship holds in earlier periods as well. Finally, we find robust evidence that mortality decline is correlated with urbanization through the creation of new cities rather than promoting urban growth in already‐extant cities.