Property Rights to Technical Knowledge in Premodern Europe, 1300–1800
探讨1300-1800年欧洲技术产权制度与经济增长的关系，质疑传统观点认为前现代产权缺失导致技术停滞，指出18世纪技术爆发时的制度框架与1300年相似。
The role of technology in the transition from premodem, Malthusian to modem economies in late 18thand 19th-century Europe is among the major questions in economic history, but it is still poorly understood. In particular, the view that premodern societies experienced low labor productivity and stagnant living standards, and that technological change before ca. 1800 was close to zero due to pervasive guild rent-seeking and poorly specified property rights to knowledge (Douglass C. North, 1981; Joel Mokyr, 2002), is hard to square with the fact that the surge of technological innovation in the 18th century occurred within institutional frameworks not too dissimilar to those of 1300.