The Welfare Effects of Bundling in Multichannel Television Markets
研究了电视节目捆绑销售对短期福利的影响，发现按频道销售政策下投入成本上升103%，抵消了消费者购买单个频道的收益，消费者剩余变化为-5.4%至0.2%，总剩余变化为-1.7%至6.0%。
We measure how the bundling of television channels affects short-run welfare. We estimate an industry model of viewership, demand, pricing, bundling, and input-market bargaining using data on ratings, purchases, prices, bundles, and input costs. We conduct simulations of à la carte policies that require distributors to offer individual channels for sale to consumers. We estimate that negotiated input costs rise by 103.0 percent under à la carte. These higher input costs offset consumer benefits from purchasing individual channels. Mean consumer and total surplus change by an estimated —5.4 to 0.2 percent and —1.7 to 6.0 percent, respectively.