Immigrant banking and financial exclusion in Greater Boston
研究2000年大波士顿地区移民聚居模式与各类金融机构可达性的空间关系，发现较贫穷、较孤立的移民群体更易接触到支票兑现点和当铺，揭示了移民、种族与阶级交织形成的复杂城市金融排斥生态。
Immigrants' lack of financial integration has been explained by individual characteristics including education, income, legal status and English ability, with little attention given to the geographic dimensions of banking. This article builds on the literature on financial exclusion and ecology to investigate the spatial relationships between Immigrant settlement patterns in Greater Boston in 2000 and accessibility to various types of financial institutions. The analysis reveals important differences among the 10 largest immigrant groups, with poorer and more isolated immigrants disproportionately exposed to check-cashers and pawn-brokers. Immigration interacts with race and class to create a complex intra-urban financial ecology of exclusion.