Motivational Underpinnings of Command-and-Control, Market-Based, and Voluntarist Environmental Policies
区分了三种环境政策策略（命令控制、市场激励、自愿计划）的动机基础，分别利用恐惧、贪婪和社会责任感，并借鉴社会困境研究分析其政策选择含义。
Historically, regulatory command-and-control schemes have dominated the environmental policy process. Recently, market-based incentives and voluntarist programs have begun to compete with regulatory policies. We argue in this article that policymakers must distinguish these strategies by their motivational underpinnings. While each strategy attempts to achieve the same goal, behavioral or organizational change that reduces pollution and/or provides environmental protection, each strategy is distinct in its means. We discuss how command-and-control capitalizes on fear, market-based incentives capitalize on greed, and voluntarism on one's sense of social responsibility. We discuss the implications of choosing each of these policy alternatives by drawing on the insights of "social dilemmas" research that analyzes situations in which the individual and the collective good are in conflict.