Votes and Violence: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Nigeria
研究通过尼日利亚全国范围的实地实验，考察反暴力宣传运动对选举暴力的影响，发现该运动降低了民众对暴力的感知、增强了反抗暴力的能力，并提高了投票率，同时实际暴力强度也有所下降。
Elections are now common in low-income societies. However, they are frequently flawed. We investigate a Nigerian election marred by violence. We designed and conducted a nationwide field experiment based on anti-violence campaigning. The campaign appealed to collective action through electoral participation, and worked through town meetings, popular theatres and door-to-door distribution of materials. We find that the campaign decreased violence perceptions and increased empowerment to counteract violence. We observe a rise in voter turnout and infer that the intimidation was dissociated from incumbents. These effects are accompanied by a reduction in the intensity of actual violence, as measured by journalists.