The new household economics, general X‐efficiency theory, and developing countries
提出一个分析消费效率问题的框架，将家庭视为从购买投入和劳动时间中生产特征的单位，并指出家庭中常出现类似企业的X低效率，且某些形式在发展中国家更突出。
Economics has traditionally been concerned with efficiency in production rather than consumption. There is a vast literature on the former, almost none on the latter. Yet common observation suggests consumer choice can be a significant source of welfare loss. This paper, accordingly, attempts to provide a framework in which problems of consumption efficiency can be analysed. This is accomplished by regarding the household as a unit which produces characteristics from purchased inputs and labour‐time and in which X‐inefficiencies similar to those which arise in the firm are frequently encountered. Some, but not all forms of X‐inefficiency are shown to be more pronounced in developing as compared to developed countries.