Time-Serial Substitution Effects of Absence Control on Employee Time-Use
一项为期6年的研究追踪了某公交公司缺勤控制计划的效果，发现短期非正当缺勤减少、工作时间增加，但员工通过合法途径利用缺勤和休假时间产生了非预期的替代效应。
A 6-year study tracked the effects of a group-level absence control program within a Midwestern urban bus company. By modeling employee time-use options systemically, effects were examined graphically with daily precision. Short-term nonlegitimate absence decreased and time worked increased, but unintended substitution effects occurred as employees discovered legitimate ways to exploit absence and time scheduled off. Propositions for future research and methodological insights are noted.