The value of formal planning for strategic decisions: Reply
回应了关于正式规划价值的实证研究，通过检验研究者偏见等替代解释，认为方法论问题并非导致支持正式规划结论的原因。
Abstract In Armstrong (1982a), I examined alternative explanations to the empirical findings that supported the use of formal planning. In considering the possibility that researcher bias might lead to such results, I used Terpstra's (1981) evaluation scheme. Based on this test, poor methodology did not seem responsible for the conclusions on the value of formal planning.