Welfare Measurements Using Contingent Valuation: A Comparison of Techniques
比较了三种条件价值评估技术（迭代竞价、支付卡和二分选择），发现每种技术都有偏差或问题，二分选择虽易操作但存在待解决的分析问题。
Abstract Three commonly used techniques of asking contingent valuation questions are compared: iterative bidding, payment cards, and dichotomous choice. The results reveal that no single contingent valuation technique is neutral in the elicitation of hicksian surplus and each technique has its strengths and weaknesses. The iterative bidding estimates contain a starting point bias, while the payment card and dichotomous choice estimates were influenced by the interviewers soliciting the contingent values. Finally, the analysis of dichotomous choice responses involves unresolved issues that warrant further investigation. On the other hand, dichotomous choice is the easiest technique to administer in a survey setting.