Dynamic Adjustment in the U.S. Dairy Industry
使用对偶模型检验美国乳制品行业的动态结构，发现劳动力和牛群规模这两个准固定投入的调整并非瞬时完成，劳动力调整约需两年，奶牛约需十年，且质量调整未能完全体现技术变化。
Abstract A dual model is used to examine the dynamic structure of the U.S. dairy industry. Properties implied by the theory of the competitive firm and independent adjustment of two quasi‐fixed inputs, labor and herd size, are tested and not rejected. Instantaneous adjustment, however, is soundly rejected for each quasi‐fixed input. Input adjustment to optimal levels is estimated to take about two years for labor and ten for cows. Quality adjustments of the labor and cow series do not fully embody the technological change that has occurred in this industry over the study period.