National Leadership and Competing Technological Paradigms: The Globalization of Cotton Spinning, 1878–1933
利用英国企业提供全球近90%棉纺机械的记录，追踪50多年间纺纱技术的演变与扩散，发现两种技术范式长期共存并各自通过机械、组织和技能改进实现生产率增长，国际生产率差异在技能依赖的走锭纺纱机下被放大。
Using the records of British firms that supplied nearly 90 percent of world trade in cotton spinning machinery, we track the evolution and diffusion of spinning technology over more than 50 years. In contrast to scenarios in which modern technologies supplant older methods, we observe two paradigms in competitive coexistence, each one supporting ongoing productivity growth through complementary improvements in machinery, organization, and workforce skills. International productivity differences were magnified under the skill-based mule, British spinners being the world's best. Global diffusion of ring spinning was driven by advances in fiber control, a “directed” technological response to the expansion of world trade.