The Impacts of Technology, Trade and Outsourcing on Employment and Labor Composition
使用动态成本函数框架，同时评估贸易、技术和外包对劳动力需求变化的影响，发现技术变革对劳动力构成影响最大，而贸易通过促进计算机化间接加剧了技能偏向性技术变革。
Empirical studies of skill‐biased technological change are typically based on a simple production or cost function framework and limited information on technology and labor composition. In contrast, we simultaneously assess the impacts of trade, technology, and outsourcing on shifts in labor demand using a dynamic cost function framework and comprehensive measures of workforce composition and investment in technology. Our findings indicate that technological change has had the largest impact on changes in labor composition. However, the indirect impact of trade on shifts in employment augments its direct impact because trade stimulates computerization, which further exacerbates skill‐biased technological change.