Women and the “Second Serfdom”: Evidence from Early Modern Bohemia
研究了近代早期波希米亚女性户主率极低的原因，发现地主权力增强（第二次农奴制）是主因，而非通常认为的经济因素。
This article investigates women's position in early modem Bohemia by focusing on female household headship, which was very low by European standards. Empirical analysis suggests that the factors hypothesized in the literature as influencing female economic independence in preindustrial Europe had little effect in Bohemia. Instead, it appears that the decline in female headship between 1591 and 1722 was a consequence of the growing power of landlords under the “second serfdom.” Not only did landlords eject female heads as poor fiscal risks, but landlord decisions were also manipulated by village communities and individual serfs for their own ends.