Technology and the Life Cycle of Cities
解释为何在重大技术变革时期，老牌城市常被新兴都市区超越，原因在于老城市依赖本地化干中学积累的经验，而新城市凭借较低的土地租金和工资采用新技术，最终取代老城市。
During times of major technological change leading cities are often overtaken by upstart metropolitan areas. Such upheavals may be explained if the advantage of established urban centers rests on localized learning-by-doing. When a new technology for which this accumulated experience is irrelevant is introduced, older centers prefer to stay with a technology in which they are more efficient. New centers, however, turn to the new technology, and are competitive despite the raw state of that technology because of their lower land rents and wages. Over time, as the new technology matures, the established cities are overtaken.