Understanding Tokenism: Antecedents and Consequences of a Psychological Climate of Gender Inequity
研究扩展了象征主义理论，通过三项调查发现，象征性女性员工倾向于感知组织氛围对女性不公，这种感知受主观过程影响，并进一步影响工作态度和行为。
Extending tokenism theory, the authors investigate psychological climate of gender inequity as a way to understand how token women experience their work environments. In the first study, responses from a sample of 155 women across varied occupations confirm the expectation that token women tend to perceive their organizational climates to be inequitable for women. The results of a second survey of 196 female managers suggest that the subjective processes of tokenism give rise to inequitable climate perceptions. Finally, the responses of 312 women in the construction industry indicate that the climate of gender inequity is related to job attitudes and behaviors.