In the Eye of the Beholder
一项纵向实地研究发现，领导者挑战现状和鼓励下属独立行动的行为，会因评价者不同而得到相反的评价：上级给低分，下属给高分。这对理解360度绩效评价中不同来源评价的差异有启发。
This longitudinal field study examined how leader behavior influences performance ratings of leaders, and the extent to which this relationship depends on the person rating the leader. The study was not a direct probe of 360-degree performance evaluation, yet the results are especially informative with regard to this relatively new approach to evaluating performance. Results indicate differences in the way leader behavior correlated with subsequent performance ratings, depending on who completed the rating. Leaders who were seen as challenging the status quo and encouraging subordinates' independent action were rated lower by their superior managers, but rated higher by their subordinates. Discussion speculates about the possible reasons underlying these findings, especially the role of the person doing the rating. The authors conclude that lack of convergence of ratings from different sources is not necessarily rater "error" but can stem from legitimate differences in the structural role of the person rating the leader.