The Regulation of Entry
提供了75个国家创业监管的新数据，发现监管越重的国家腐败越严重、非正规经济越大，但公共或私人产品质量并未更好，支持监管服务于政治家和官僚的观点。
Abstract. We present new data on the regulation of entry of start-up firms in 75 countries. The data set contains information on the number of procedures, official time, and official cost that a start-up must bear before it can operate legally. The official costs of entry are extremely high in most countries. Countries with heavier regulation of entry have higher corruption and larger unofficial economies, but not better quality of public or private goods. Countries with more democratic and limited governments have fewer entry regulations. The evidence is inconsistent with Pigouvian (helping hand) theories of benevolent regulation, but support the (grabbing hand) view that entry regulation benefits politicians and bureaucrats. 1