Discrimination and the Effects of Drug Testing on Black Employment
利用美国各州药物检测法规出台时间和内容的差异，发现药物检测法规的通过使检测行业的黑人就业增加7%至30%，工资提高1.4%至13.0%，对低技能黑人男性影响最大，表明药物检测有助于非吸毒黑人向雇主证明自身状况，从而减少歧视。
A common assumption is that the rise of drug testing among U.S. employers must have had negative consequences for black employment. I use variation in the timing and nature of drug testing regulation to identify the impacts of testing on black hiring. I find that adoption of protesting legislation increases black employment in the testing sector by 7 percent to 30 percent and relative wages by 1.4 percent to 13.0 percent, with the largest shifts among low-skilled black men. The results are consistent with ex ante discrimination and suggest that drug testing may benefit African Americans by enabling nonusing blacks to prove their status to employers.