The genesis of 'positive economics' and the rejection of monopolistic competition theory: a methodological debate
分析了弗里德曼和斯蒂格勒如何以实证主义方法论为由排斥垄断竞争理论，指出他们未能证明完全竞争假设在证伪主义规则下更优，并揭示该方法论实为建立经济科学权威而非有效研究框架。
In ‘The methodology of positive economics’ (1953), Milton Friedman linked the adoption of a falsificationist methodology to the rejection of monopolistic competition as a valid assumption, thus elaborating a point made earlier by George Stigler in ‘Monopolistic competition in retrospect’(1949B). Both failed to demonstrate that the alternative assumption of perfect competition would perform better under falsificationist rules. These rules themselves are an expression of the ambition to establish an economic science rather than a convincing framework for research. Monopolistic competition theory became the main target of attack, as it highlighted the problematic nature of empirical research interested in perfectly generalisable results.