Non-Balanced Growth and Kondratieff Waves in the World Economy, 1850–1913
研究了1850–1913年世界经济增长的不稳定性，用“G波”描述观察到的波动，指出其与康德拉季耶夫长波不同，缺乏规律的周期和振幅。
During 1850–1913 the growth of the world economy was not steady. The observed variations are described with the phrase “G-waves.” In contrast to Kondratieff long waves, G-waves lack a regular periodicity and amplitude.