Modernization and Pasture Degradation: A Comparative Study of Two Sami Reindeer Pasture Regions in Norway
比较挪威两个萨米驯鹿牧区，发现外部变化（新技术、市场、政策）与内部特征（资源基础、萨米制度）的互动导致北部过度放牧而南部未退化，建议关注自治和文化动态。
We compare two reindeer pasture regions in Norway. Both were exposed to the same external changes, such a new technologies, increased market access, and new state policies. As North became overgrazed in the 1980s, South was not. In explaining this, we focus on interaction between such external factors and internal characteristics like the natural resource base and the Sámi institutions. South herder leaders pursued institutional transformations included in state policies, however, the state policy was not legitimate in the North. We recommend focus on self-governance, cultural dynamics, and examining many relevant factors before the imposition of changes in governance structures and incentive systems. <i></i>