Pygmalion, Goal Setting, and Expectancy: Compatible Ways to Boost Productivity
整合皮格马利翁效应、目标设定理论和期望理论，提出提高期望与设定困难目标可相互强化以提升生产力，并建议用预期产出量替代主观成功概率来测量期望。
The Pygmalion, goal-setting, and need-for-achievement approaches use effort-to-performance expectancy in order to explain work motivation. The motivation to expend effort is distinguished from the motivation to choose a task. Expectancy is conceptualized both as a stable trait and as a changing state. A resolution of rival hypotheses derived from expectancy theory and the theory of achievement motivation is proposed. An integrative model posits that raising expectations and setting difficult goals are mutually reinforcing means that can boost productivity. It is argued that measuring expectancy as subjective probability of success (SPS) has impeded expectancy research Comparative quantiles and amount of output expected are proposed as alternatives to SPS.