Toward a Descriptive Stakeholder Theory: an Organizational Life Cycle Approach
整合不同领域的理论与研究，提出一个描述性利益相关者理论，说明在组织生命周期的不同阶段，哪些利益相关者更重要，以及组织应如何根据其重要性调整策略。
We integrate theory and research from disparate areas to develop a descriptive stakeholder theory. We (1) show that at any given organizational life cycle stage, certain stakeholders, because of their potential to satisfy critical organizational needs, will be more important than others; (2) identify specific stakeholders likely to become more or less important as an organization evolves from one stage to the next; and (3) propose that the strategy an organization uses to deal with each stakeholder will depend on the importance of that stakeholder to the organization relative to other stakeholders.