Note—Modeling Coordination in Organizations and Markets
重新定义了协调结构中的脆弱性概念，纳入机会成本，指出机会成本最低的结构最不脆弱、最灵活，对研究组织与市场协调的学者有参考价值。
In an earlier issue of Management Science, Thomas Malone (1987) utilizes the concept of vulnerability costs in order to compare the degree of flexibility exhibited by markets and hierarchies. The purpose of this note is to redefine the concept of vulnerability to include the corresponding opportunity costs that are created when a coordinating structure restricts the ability to adjust to a change in market conditions. The conclusion reached is that those structures experiencing the lowest opportunity costs are the least vulnerable, and can therefore be classified as the most flexible.