BIASES IN RESEARCH: THE CASE OF RUBBER GROWING IN MALAYSIA
测量马来西亚橡胶种植业技术进步的影响，检验过去研究是否偏向提高资本而非劳动的生产力，并区分体现型与非体现型技术变革的方法论价值。
This paper measures the impact of technological progress in Malaysian rubber growing and tests the hypothesis that past research has been biased in favour of raising the productivity of capital rather than labour. It also demonstrates the methodological usefulness, in relation to a long‐lived perennial crop, of separating embodied from disembodied technical change. The analysis indicates that research leading to new embodied technology has not been biased since it has raised the productivity of all input factors at about the same rate over time. However, disembodied technological change has not shifted the production hypersurface in an unambiguously neutral fashion. These results are especially pertinent to the debate about the future direction of rubber growing research.