Innovative Genius: A Framework for Relating Individual and Organizational Intelligences to Innovation
从认知角度看待组织创新，提出组织智能的概念，并探讨个体智能与组织智能如何通过聚合、跨层转移和分布机制影响创新的启动与实施阶段。
In this article, organizational innovation is viewed as fundamentally cognitive, and the concept of organizational intelligence is developed and related to innovation. Individual and organizational intelligences are conceptualized as being functionally similar (i.e., as purposeful information processing that enables adaptation to environmental demands). Organizational intelligence, however, is a social outcome and is related to individual intelligence by mechanisms of aggregation, cross-level transference, and distribution. A conceptual framework is proposed that relates types and levels of intelligence, moderated by contextual factors, to the two stages of the organizational innovation process: initiation and implementation. Implications for research and management are discussed.